A bi-directional current source for a grounded load will always have some complication in its construction. The improved Howland Current Pump as shown in Figure 1 is the most frequent choice for this ...

This resource provides clear explanations of how switching regulators work and how voltage boosting is achieved efficiently ...

If you got your start in electronics sometime after 1980 your first project might well have been to light up an LED. Microcontroller projects often light up an LED, too, and a blinking LED is ...

In a previous article, I discussed LEDs in general and their properties. In this write-up, I want to give some examples of driving LEDs and comparing a few of the most commonly used methods. There is ...

Have you ever needed to power a 12-volt relay in a circuit but only had 6 or 9 volts available? This simple circuit will solve that problem. It allows 12-volt relays to be operated from 6 or 9 volts, ...

The course is focused on current-mode control techniques, which are very frequently applied in practical realizations of switched-mode. Upon completion of the course, you will be able to understand, ...

Per 2014 NEC Article 100, short circuit current rating (SCCR) is defined as: “The prospective symmetrical fault current at a nominal voltage to which an apparatus or system is able to be connected ...

How does the NEC control your signaling and control wiring requirements? Today's industrial facilities use a host of control circuits for motor control, instrumentation signals, and plant shutdown ...