Background Following suggestions that developers should be allowed to capture a defined share of the total value generated by their technologies, the amount of surplus accruing to the pharmaceutical ...

Budget surpluses occur when income exceeds expenses in any budget. Economic surplus arises when supply outstrips demand, lowering prices. Producer surplus increases with cost reductions from ...

On thïs paper, we first review five monetary expressions used to measure consumer surplus for a change in just one price. It is shown that all of these expressions are equal for a small price change ...